大功率气体发动机电子节气门设计与研究

以大功率气体发动机的电子节气门为研究对象,对其进行了系统的设计和研究。在分析电子节气门机械结构的基础上,建立了电子节气门数学模型,采用冗余设计思想设计了双H桥电子节气门驱动电路。采用增量式PID控制算法对电子节气门开度进行精确的闭环控制。实验结果表明,设计的电子节气门系统鲁棒性好,具有很好的响应性和稳定性,能满足大功率气体发动机的性能需求。     

文化创意视角下的食用菌产品包装设计分析

包装是展示产品特征、传递产品信息的重要载体,其中呈现的视觉形象、引发的审美体验直接关系到产品的辨识度,影响消费者的购买决策行为。通过分析文化创意视角下开展食用菌产品包装设计的原则,指出文化创意与产品包装设计的融合有利于展示食用菌产品特性,提升产品的审美内涵。从生态健康、情感和文化内涵等角度开展包装设计,使食用菌产品包装既生态又具创意。     

自然保护地巡护道路设计中几个主要指标的确定

自然保护地原则上按核心区和一般管控区实行分区管控。各类保护地巡护道路设计体系目前没有相关设计规范。文章对保护地内巡护道路的等级、平纵设计指标、横断面指标的确定需考虑的因素进行分析,提出了相应的设计指标和参数,以期对后续巡护道路设计提供参考。     

一种改进的CRLP最大许用操作压力设计方法

与传统管线钢管相比,复合材料增强管线钢管(CompositeReinforcedLinePipe,CRLP)具有承压能力高和质量轻等优势,但对其压力设计的研究尚不充分。CSAZ662-2015《油气管道系统》和GB/T35185—2017《石油天然气工业用复合材料增强管线钢管》中最大许用操作压力的设计思路不同,且设计结果差别较大。针对此问题,基于组合薄壁圆筒模型对承压CRLP进行分析,对最大许用操作压力下材料的名义许用应力和真实许用应力进行了区分,进而导出真实许用应力的显式表达形式,并以此作为设计安全裕度的评价指标。分析表明:现有规范和标准中的设计公式均无法保证管线钢和复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,对应两种设计方法,各组分材料的真实许用应力均随CRLP规格差异而发生变化,并且随着试压/预应力处理的历程而改变。基于上述分析和CRLP极限状态下的承载特征,提出一种改进的压力设计方法。新方法优先保证复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,并可由设计系数直接确定;在最大许用操作压力的计算中,考虑了加载历程的影响,物理意义明确。算例表明,其设计安全裕度较现有方法更为合理,对于CRLP压力设计的改进有参考价值。     

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的优化设计及试验

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的设计直接影响秸秆的切割质量。刀具与秸秆接触时的受力分析表明，切割力与秸秆的压应力有关，而压应力不仅与秸秆物理特性有关，也与刀刃的倾斜角有关。利用Ansys-Workbench有限元软件进行仿真分析，结果表明,当刀具材料为65Mn、刀具厚度为8 mm、刀尖倾斜角度为30°时，刀具的等效应力最小。以秸秆层厚度、刀具倾斜角、秸秆含水率为试验因素，以切割装置切割秸秆时的扭矩值为试验指标，通过正交试验及交互作用分析，确定了因素对指标影响的主次关系为：A2>C2>B2>A>BC>AC>C>B，当秸秆层厚度7.5 cm、刀具倾斜角度35°、秸秆含水率35%时，刀辊扭矩值最小。验证试验结果表明选取的较优参数组合真实可行。该研究为新型刀具及防堵刀辊的机理研究提供了理论和试验借鉴。     

Modeling height-diameter relationship for artificial monoculture Metasequoia glyptostroboides in sub-tropic coastal megacity Shanghai,China

Tree height is a key variable in forest monitoring studies and for forest management. However, tree height measurement is time consuming, and the recommended procedure is to use estimates from tree height (H) - diameter at breast height (DBH) models. Increasingly, H-DBH models are being developed for urban forests, providing tools to forest management and ecosystem services estimation. Here, we compared model forms and approaches for predicting H as a function of DBH and additional stand level covariates variables. Four model forms were evaluated: (i) basic models (which only used DBH as predictor variable); (ii) generalized models (which used DBH and other predictor variables based on the best basic model); (iii) a mixed-effects model based on the best basic model; and (iv) a mixed-effects model based on the generalized model. Several sampling designs aimed at minimizing height measurement were tested in terms of accuracy and applicability. Taking predicted accuracy and investigation cost into account, we recommend generalized non-linear mixed-effects model (NLME) when there were two or less tree height measurements taken in a given stand. The basic NLME model could be calibrated when there were 3 or more tree height measurements, depending on the required level of accuracy and investigation cost. Additionally, we first reported that soil pH as a covariate variable in H-DBH model and our generalized NLME model implied that the difference in the H-DBH relationship caused by pH varies among different stands. This finding may be attributable to differing biological properties of the similar alkaline tolerance species.     

High fluid shear strain causes injury in silver shark: Preliminary implications for Mekong hydropower turbine design

The Lower Mekong Basin is facing unprecedented threats to fish diversity from hydropower development. There is increasing pressure on developers and construction authorities to design solutions to improve fish survival through turbines, thus protecting the resources in regions being developed for hydropower. A hydraulic characteristic of hydropower turbines with known fisheries impacts is fluid shear stress. Elevated shear stress occurs where rapidly flowing water passes near spillways, screens and within turbine draft tubes. Shear stress can have adverse impacts on fish, but no work has assessed whether this holds true for Mekong River species. A flume was used to determine critical tolerances of silver shark, Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker), to shear stress rates at a high‐velocity jet which simulated a hydropower turbine. Fish were assessed for injury or mortality following exposure. Results were compared against a no‐shear control. Injury and mortality were greater at higher shear stress exposures. Injuries occurred at all shear exposure levels with mortality at shear levels higher than 600/s. This approach should help design future hydropower turbines if data on other species demonstrate similar results. If the likelihood of adverse impact is high, then shear stress will need to be considered in the design of future hydropower facilities.